gholamhosein Irajian; hamid Amanlou; Asadollah Teimouri Yansari; hamid reza mirzaie almouti; hormoz mansouri
Volume 19, Issue 4 , March 2018, , Pages 803-818
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of alfalfa hay and corn silage particle size on chewing activity, passage rate of solid fraction in the rumen and performance of pregnant ewes. The experiment has been done using 30 ewes (35±0.4 months) in a completely randomized design with five treatments ...
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This study investigated the effects of alfalfa hay and corn silage particle size on chewing activity, passage rate of solid fraction in the rumen and performance of pregnant ewes. The experiment has been done using 30 ewes (35±0.4 months) in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates during a 30 days period. Forages were including alfalfa hay (three sizes, geometric mean 2.42, 4.91 and 7.04 mm) and corn silage (two sizes, geometric mean 3.36 and 7.73 mm). Treatments including fine particles of alfalfa hay and corn silage had the least physical effectiveness factor (pef > 8) and pef values (pef >8, pef >1.18) were reduced with decrease in particle size (p<0.05). Geometric mean also decreased (p<0.05). Following reduction in particle size of forages, passage rate of solid fraction in the rumen and terminal part of digestive tract (TDT) were increased (p<0.05) and retention time in the rumen, TDT and total retention time were decreased (p<0.05). Feed intake time, chewing activity and total chewing time were not affected (p<0.05). Results showed that it is necessary to consider the appropriate balance between particle size as a representative of the physical and chemical characteristics of the diet. The treatment of alfalfa fine particle size plus corn silage long particle size in most cases showed better results, and it seems that this treatment has provided a more appropriate balance in the diet for feeding ewes. Therefore, in preparing the pregnant ewes’ diet, we can expect better performance by considering the particle size.
Fathollah Naghizadeh; Mohammad Amir Karimi Torshizi; shaban rahimi
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2011, , Pages 49-58
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the effect of various commercial in-feed disinfectants on layer performance, intestinal microflora, and egg cholesterol. One hundred and eight layer hens (LSL, 24 Wks of age) were divided into six groups consisting: Control, Formaycin-200 ppm, Formalin-200 ppm, and ...
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This study was conducted to compare the effect of various commercial in-feed disinfectants on layer performance, intestinal microflora, and egg cholesterol. One hundred and eight layer hens (LSL, 24 Wks of age) were divided into six groups consisting: Control, Formaycin-200 ppm, Formalin-200 ppm, and Nanosilver in feed-15 ppm or drinking water-7.5 ppm. There were no differences between experimental groups for egg production and egg weight. Formycin fed birds produce the highest egg mass (P< 0.05). In comparison of the two methods of Nanosilver administration, no significant differences were observed for egg production, egg weight and egg mass. Lactic acid bacteria counts in caecal contents were significantly increased in comparison to control and Formycin fed groups (P< 0.01). Gram negative counts in ileum contents were reduced by all additives, in comparison to control (P< 0.01). Cholesterol content of egg was increased in response to Formycin and Nanosilver (in drinking water) (P< 0.01). In conclusion, in-feed supplementation of Formalin and Nanosilver in laying hens’ feed resulted in efficient control of intestinal microbial counts and simultaneously improved the egg yield.
Mahmoud Haghighiyan Roudsari; Mohammad Roostaei Alimehr; Maryam Safdarian; Seyed Abdolhossein Abolghasemi
Volume 14, Issue 1 , September 2012, , Pages 59-68
Abstract
The effect of replacement of soybean meal protein with low glucosinolate rapeseed meal was investigated in an experiment with 320 one-week old broilers with an average live weight of 111 g. Chicks divided into two groups and each further subdivided into four subgroups. To each subgroup, four cages of ...
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The effect of replacement of soybean meal protein with low glucosinolate rapeseed meal was investigated in an experiment with 320 one-week old broilers with an average live weight of 111 g. Chicks divided into two groups and each further subdivided into four subgroups. To each subgroup, four cages of 10 chicks per cage allocated. 30 and 45 percent of soybean meal protein of the diet of group (1) and group (2) replaced with rapeseed meal respectively. Levels of enzyme were zero, 500 units of phytase, 600 units Safizym GP 800 and a mixture of 500 units of phytase and 600 units of Safizym GP 800 added to the diets. Results showed that the interactions of levels of rapeseed meal and enzymes on the feed conversion and live weight gain were significant. In 30 percent replacement level, the best feed conversion (1.8) were belong to diets with no enzyme and in 45 percent of replacement, the feed conversion of diets with no enzyme (2.43) were higher than the diets with mixture of enzyme (2.03). The lowest values of live weight gain in the total period (42.30 g) was belonged to 45 percent replacement of rapeseed meal without enzyme. Overall result shown that the rapeseed meal can be used to provide 30 percent of the diet protein but in the case of adding enzyme to the diet, up to 45 percent of protein can be provided by the rapeseed meal.
Pirouz Shakeri; Morteza Rezaie; Seyed Ahmad Mirhadi
Volume 17, Issue 1 , April 2015, , Pages 59-70
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of ensiling pistachio by-product (PBP) on nutrient value, some physical and chemical parameters. Fresh PBP was ensiled into a trench silo for three months and simultaneously amount of PBP was dried in front of the sun. Chemical composition, buffering ...
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The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of ensiling pistachio by-product (PBP) on nutrient value, some physical and chemical parameters. Fresh PBP was ensiled into a trench silo for three months and simultaneously amount of PBP was dried in front of the sun. Chemical composition, buffering capacity, water holding capacity, protein fractionation according to cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS), concentration of aflatoxin poison and ruminal and post ruminal degradability was measured for both products. The result showed that pH reduced from 4.73 to 4.12 after ensiling. The ensiled PBP had low aNDFom and water soluble carbohydrates and high phenolic compounds content compared to the sun dried PBP (P<0.05). There was no difference in buffering capacity, water holding capacity, non- protein nitrogen, concentration of aflatoxin and degradability in total gastrointestinal tract between sun-dried and ensiled PBP. Aflatoxin concentration for both PBP was in the permitable range of using in animal nutrition. It was concluded that PBP had a good potential for ensiling and that process of ensiling had no detrimental effect on nutritive value of PBP and furthermore ensiled PBP had a desirable aerobic stability.
Mohammad Reza Mohammad abadi; Akram Mohammadi
Volume 12, Issue 2 , October 2010, , Pages 61-67
Abstract
Beta-lactoglobulin (LGB) is one of the proteins in the mammals’ milk synthesized by the epithelial cells of the mammary glands and affects the quality and coagulation of the milk. The aim of this study was to determine allele frequencies in LGB gene of Native and Holstein cattle in Kerman province ...
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Beta-lactoglobulin (LGB) is one of the proteins in the mammals’ milk synthesized by the epithelial cells of the mammary glands and affects the quality and coagulation of the milk. The aim of this study was to determine allele frequencies in LGB gene of Native and Holstein cattle in Kerman province using PCR-RFLP method. Genetic polymorphism, for 100 DNA samples in the locus was determined by digestion of PCR products with endonuclease HaeIII (LGB), followed by electrophoresis in agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Allele frequency for the A and B alleles in Holstein cattle was 0.62 and 0.38 and in Native cattle was 0.55 and 0.45, respectively. Average heterozygosity in Holstein and Native cattle was 0.47 and 0.46, respectively. Results indicated that the studied populations were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the LGB locus.
Mohammad Zarei; Mohammad Ehsani; Mehran Torki
Volume 13, Issue 2 , March 2012, , Pages 61-71
Abstract
To evaluate effects of adding two probiotics (Thepax and Yeasturer) and two prebiotics (Fermacto and A-Max), and one synbiotic (Biomin) to iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diet (ME = 2720 kcal/kg and CP =145 g/kg) on performance of laying hens and egg quality traits, 216 Lohmann LSL-Lite 76-wk old laying ...
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To evaluate effects of adding two probiotics (Thepax and Yeasturer) and two prebiotics (Fermacto and A-Max), and one synbiotic (Biomin) to iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diet (ME = 2720 kcal/kg and CP =145 g/kg) on performance of laying hens and egg quality traits, 216 Lohmann LSL-Lite 76-wk old laying hens were divided in 36 cages (n = 6). Productive performance of hens was recorded for six weeks and egg quality characteristics were measured on the last week of trial. Feed additives did not have significant effect on EP, FCR, FI and EM in the present study. Including diets with feed additives in the present experiment significantly increased EW. Egg shell weight and shell thickness were increased in the hens fed additive-included diets compared to hens fed the control diet. In conclusion, feed additives used in this investigation did have beneficial effects on egg quality characteristics in terms of egg shell weight and shell thickness, with no beneficial effects on hens' productive performance.
Farzaneh Rahimi Niat; Shokoufeh Ghazanfari; Seyed Davood Sharifi
Volume 16, Issue 1 , May 2014, , Pages 63-73
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of Artemisia Sieberi oil (zero, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) and antibiotic on performance and blood parameters in broiler chicken. 200 day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to five treatments, four replications with a ...
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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of Artemisia Sieberi oil (zero, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) and antibiotic on performance and blood parameters in broiler chicken. 200 day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to five treatments, four replications with a completely randomized design. In total period, broilers were fed dietary Artemisia Sieberi oil at level of 300 mg/kg had higher weight gain than other experimental treatments (P<0.05). Control treatment had worse feed conversion ratio compared with broilers were fed dietary Artemisia Sieberi oil at levels of 100 and 300 mg/kg (P<0.05). The level of 100 mg/kg of dietary Artemisia Sieberi oil significantly increased the white blood cell value compared with other treatments (P<0.05). Red blood cell value significantly increased at levels of 100 and 300 mg/kg of dietary Artemisia Sieberi oils compared with other treatments (P<0.05). In this study, dietary Artemisia Sieberi oil at levels of 300 mg/kg improve broiler performance and can be considered as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter.
Rostam Abdollahi-Arpanahi; Abas Pakdel; Ardeshir Nejati-Javaremi; Mohammad Moradi Shahrbabak
Volume 15, Issue 1 , July 2014, , Pages 65-77
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare six statistical methods for prediction of genomic breedingvalues for traits with different genetic architecture in term of gene effects distributions and number ofQuantitative Traits Loci (QTLs). A genome consisted of 500 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) ...
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The objective of this study was to compare six statistical methods for prediction of genomic breedingvalues for traits with different genetic architecture in term of gene effects distributions and number ofQuantitative Traits Loci (QTLs). A genome consisted of 500 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) markers distributed over a chromosomes with 100 cm length was simulated. Three different geneeffects distributions (uniform, normal and gamma) were considered. Number of QTLs varied from 50 to200. Finally, nine quantitative traits with different genetic architecture were generated. The performanceof six statistical methods of genomic prediction that differ with respect to assumptions regardingdistribution of marker effects, including i) Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP), ii) RidgeRegression Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (RRBLUP), iii) Bayes A, iv) Bayes B, v) Bayes C, and vi)Bayesian least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Bayes L) are presented. The accuracy ofprediction declined significantly over generations (P< 0.05) but Bayesian methods outperformed GBLUPand RRBLUP in persistence of accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values over generations.Bayesian methods were superior to GBLUP and RRBLUP when the gene effects distribution generatedfrom gamma distribution. The highest accuracy of genomic breeding values was observed when the geneeffects come from normal distribution. In all statistical evaluation methods with increasing the number ofQTLs towards 200, the accuracy of predicted genomic values has been decreased. In general, Bayesianand GBLUP methods performed better in prediction than RRBLUP method. These results gave someevidences that when the genetic architecture of quantitative traits deviated from infinitesimal modelassumptions, Bayesian methods usually perform better than GBLUP and RR-BLUP.
adel mohammadi; shokoufe ghazanfari; seyed davood sharifi
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2020, , Pages 67-78
Abstract
The effects of different sources of selenium supplementation and rosemary essential oil on growth performance, microflora population and intestinal morphology in broiler chicken with using of 480 male broiler chicks in a factorial arrangement (2x5) with 10 treatments and 4 replicates were investigated. ...
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The effects of different sources of selenium supplementation and rosemary essential oil on growth performance, microflora population and intestinal morphology in broiler chicken with using of 480 male broiler chicks in a factorial arrangement (2x5) with 10 treatments and 4 replicates were investigated. Two experimental factors consisted of different sources of selenium (level of 0.3 mg/kg of diet from selenomethionine, nanoselenomethionine, selenitsodium, nano selenium bonza and without selenium) and rosemary essential oil (0 and 300 mg/kg of diet). Results showed that broilers received diet of without Se and rosemary essential oil had lower weight gain and feed intake.Broilers received diet of nano selenium bonza with rosemary essential oil had lower feed conversion ratio as compared to the other broilers (P<0.05). Broilers fed on diets of nanoselenomethionine with rosemary essential oil and nano selenium bonza with rosemary essential oil were increased villus height in jejunum (P<0.05). The crypt depth of intestinal in birds which received nanoselenium was more than the birds that consumed other sources of selenium in the diet (P<0.05). Crypt diameter nano selenium bonza with rosemary essential oil treatment was higher as compared to other treatments (P<0.01). Selenomethionine and nanoselenomethionine alone and in combination with rosemary essential oil treatments had high lactobacillus population and lactobacillus population to total microbial population ratio of ileum as compared to without Se and rosemary essential oil treatment (P<0.05). Based on the results, inclusion nanoselenium (0.3 mg/kg) supplement with rosemary essential oil (300 mg/kg) into the diet of broiler chicken can improve performance, gut morphology and microflora.
farzad bastami; ali khatib jo; seifali varmaghani
Volume 24, Issue 1 , April 2022, , Pages 67-80
Abstract
The effects of valine supplementation on performance, immunity and behavioural indices of broiler chickens under heat stress condition was evaluated. Total of 420 male and female Ross-308 broiler chickens were allocated to 6 treatments with 5 replicates in a completely randomized design. Experimental ...
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The effects of valine supplementation on performance, immunity and behavioural indices of broiler chickens under heat stress condition was evaluated. Total of 420 male and female Ross-308 broiler chickens were allocated to 6 treatments with 5 replicates in a completely randomized design. Experimental groups were as fallows: positive control (fed basal diet and reared under Ross-308 recommended rearing temperature), nagative control (fed basal diet and reared under heat stress (HS)), and four treatment groups fed basal diet supplemented with 5, 10, 15 and 20% valine above the Ross-308 valine recommendation and reared under HS. Heat stress significantly decreased feed intake, body weight and European production efficiency factor (EPEF), antibody titer against NewCastle, lymphocyte percentage, serum total protein concentration and alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and increased heterophile percentage, heterophile to lymphocyte ratio, rectal temperature and tunic immobility of broiler chickens (P< 0.05). Supplementation of5% valine improved BW of broiler chicken at the end of grower and BW and EPEF at the end of total period. Addition of 10% valine increased relative weight of breast and thigh muscle and 15 and 20% valine supplementation increased lymphocyte and decreased heterophile percentage as compared to control group (P< 0.05). In conclusion, 5% valine supplementation improved final body weight and feed convertion ratio of heat-stressed broiler chikens and 15 and 20% valin inclusion improved blood immune cell percentages but had no effect on humoral immune response and tunic immobility test of HS broiler chickens.
Kamel Amozadeh Araee; Taghi Ghoorchi; Abdolhakim Toghdory; Mohammad Asadi; Katayoun Mehrani
Volume 25, Issue 1 , April 2023, , Pages 71-81
Abstract
The effect of different levels of Oji plant powder on performance, nutrient digestibility, rumination behavior, blood and rumen parameters of Dalagh ewes, using 18 ewes with an average weight of 38±3.5 kg in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six Repetition was investigated. ...
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The effect of different levels of Oji plant powder on performance, nutrient digestibility, rumination behavior, blood and rumen parameters of Dalagh ewes, using 18 ewes with an average weight of 38±3.5 kg in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six Repetition was investigated. The treatments included 1- control (without Oji powder), 2- 25 gr of Oji powder per day and 3- 50 gr of Oji powder per day. Different levels of Oji powder in ewes had no effect on the weight at the end of the period, daily weight gain, cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and blood albumin/globulin ratio. Feeding ewes with different levels of Oji powder decreased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, increased nutritional consumption behavior and rumination activity, and increased blood urea and triglyceride levels(P<0.05). Feeding ewes with different levels of Oji powder caused a significant decrease in protozoan population three hours after feeding and an increase in rumen pH three hours after morning feeding(P<0.05). Ruminal ammonia concentration in ewes that received 50 gr of Oji powder per day was higher than other treatments(P<0.05). According to the results of this research, adding the powder of Oji plant up to the level of 50 gr per day to the ration of Dalagh ewes does not have a significant effect on the functional traits of the animal, and it also shows a positive effect on the protozoan population and rumen pH.
Mohammad Reza Nehirat; Somayyeh Salari; Mohammad Reza Ghorbani
Volume 21, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 73-86
Abstract
In order to compare the effect of prebiotic and various types of fibers on performance and some physiological parameters of broiler chickens, an experiment was performed with 320 chicks with eight treatments in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were basal diet (corn-soybean meal), basal ...
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In order to compare the effect of prebiotic and various types of fibers on performance and some physiological parameters of broiler chickens, an experiment was performed with 320 chicks with eight treatments in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were basal diet (corn-soybean meal), basal diet with prebiotic (Biolex, MB40), and various sources of fiber (wheat bran (WB), soybean hull (SH), and palm kernel meal (PKM)). Different types of fiber and prebiotics were added to the diet at 1.5,3% and 2 g/kg, respectively. The birds that consumed 1.5% of PKM had the best feed conversion ratio compared to the other treatments except 3% of PKM and control diet (P<0.05). Abdominal fat pad significantly decreased in birds that consumed various types of fiber compared to the control diet (P<0.05). Apparent ileal digestibility of organic matter and crude protein increased in birds that consumed 3% palm kernel meal (P<0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of ether extract decreased in birds that consumed PKM compared to the control diet (P<0.05). Dietary inclusion of various types of fiber caused a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides compared to the control diet (P<0.05). The results showed that dietary inclusion of PKM improved performance, decreased abdominal fat pad and E.coli and coliform population of cecum and increased digestability of crude protein and population of Lactobacillus of cecum in broiler chickens.
Akbar Shiralinezhad; Mir Daryoush Shakouri; Seyedeh Azam Khatami
Volume 18, Issue 1 , April 2016, , Pages 75-83
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary soy isoflavones (ISFs) on growth performance, blood parameters and tibia Ca and P content of broiler chickens. A total of 240 as-hatched day-old Ross 308 chicks were used in a completely randomize design with four treatments (0 (control), ...
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary soy isoflavones (ISFs) on growth performance, blood parameters and tibia Ca and P content of broiler chickens. A total of 240 as-hatched day-old Ross 308 chicks were used in a completely randomize design with four treatments (0 (control), 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg of ISF), three replicates and 20 birds per each replicate for a period of 42 days. Using ISF in the diet without any effect on feed intake improved the chicken’s weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). Diet containing 50 and 100 mg ISF/kg had no effect on tibia ash content, but increased tibia Ca and P contents (P<0.05). pH value of gizzard and cecal digesta were decreased by adding ISF to diet (P<0.05). The sera concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL- and VLDL-cholesterol decreased in birds fed on diets containing ISF (P<0.05), whereas the concentration of HDL-cholesterol increased (P<0.05). Addition 50 and 100 mg/kg of ISF to diet increased the gross profit per chicken and cost of diet, respectively (P<0.05). According to the findings, supplementation of 50 mg ISF/kg of broiler diet is recommended.
Zeinab hosseini; Mohammad Mahdi Sharifi Hosseini; Omid Dayani; Reza Tahmasebi
Volume 19, Issue 1 , May 2017, , Pages 83-97
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of two levels of barley silage particle sizes and two levels of non-forage fiber on feed intake, nutrients digestibility, rumen parameters and feeding behaviors in sheep. Whole-plant barley was harvested at 28% moisture in 8 and 16 mm theoretical chop ...
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The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of two levels of barley silage particle sizes and two levels of non-forage fiber on feed intake, nutrients digestibility, rumen parameters and feeding behaviors in sheep. Whole-plant barley was harvested at 28% moisture in 8 and 16 mm theoretical chop lengths to prepare short and long silages. Four male sheep with the weight of 46±7 kg were used and experimental diets were: 1) coarse barley silage diet without beet pulp, 2) coarse barley silage diet with 20% beet pulp, 3) fine barley silage diet without beet pulp and 4) fine barley silage diet with 20% percent beet pulp. The NDF intake was affected by beet pulp levels (P=0.05) and the highest NDF intake was in sheep fed with fine barley silage diet with 20% beet pulp (P<0.05). The DM, OM, CP, and NDF digestibility were affected by an interaction between barley silage particle sizes and beet pulp levels, and the highest digestibility of nutrients were in fine barley silage diet and 20% beet pulp (P<0.05). Two and four hours after feed intake, the lowest rumen pH was in animals fed fine barley silage diet and 20% beet pulp (P<0.05). The NDF consumption increased when barley grain was replaced with sugar beet pulp in diets containing high levels of concentrates and low levels of physical effective fiber.
Alireza Talebian Masoudi; Hamidreza Ansari-Renani; Ramezanali Azizi; Azadeh Mirshamsolahi
Volume 20, Issue 1 , May 2018, , Pages 83-94
Abstract
In order to survey slow release mineral-vitamin boluses effects on reproductive performance, wool and follicle structure characteristics of Farahani sheep, 60 head ewes were divided into two control and treatment groups. Control group didn't receive any mineral - vitamin supplement. The treatment group ...
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In order to survey slow release mineral-vitamin boluses effects on reproductive performance, wool and follicle structure characteristics of Farahani sheep, 60 head ewes were divided into two control and treatment groups. Control group didn't receive any mineral - vitamin supplement. The treatment group received slow release mineral-vitamin boluses 15 days before mating. The reproductive performance includes pregnancy rate, lambing rate, abortion rate, weaned rate and means values of fleece weight, staple length, fiber diameter and tenacity of two groups of ewes and secondary to primary follicle ratio(S/P) in treating ewes and their lambs in relation to the control group were evaluated and statistical differences between them were estimated. The result indicated that the slow release mineral-vitamin boluse hadn't significant effect (p
Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirhosseini; Seyed Naser Mousavi; ali afsar
Volume 26, Issue 1 , March 2024, , Pages 87-98
Abstract
Introduction: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a creatine precursor, is synthesized from L-arginine and glycine. The capacity for de novo synthesis may be limiting in high-yielding farm animals, especially in those fed all-vegetable diets. As the precursor to creatine, dietary GAA can also effectively “spare” ...
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Introduction: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a creatine precursor, is synthesized from L-arginine and glycine. The capacity for de novo synthesis may be limiting in high-yielding farm animals, especially in those fed all-vegetable diets. As the precursor to creatine, dietary GAA can also effectively “spare” arginine from being used for GAA synthesis, so that the arginine may be used for muscle accretion and other physiological functions. It has been reported that arginine affects bone development by its involvement in the formation of collagen and connective tissue. It also has been shown that reducing the protein level in broiler diets reduces the concentration of manganese and copper in the tibia. Therefore, low-protein diets probably decrease bone density in broilers. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of GAA supplementation to low protein diets on performance, calcium and phosphorus and the strength of the tibia of broiler chickens.
Material and Methods: The 240 male broilers of Ross 308 strain were assigned to 6 dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with 4 replications and 10 birds in each replication. Dietary treatments included diets containing 80, 90 and 100% of the breeder recommended ideal protein each containing 0 and 0.06% of GAA. Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured for the grower (11-24 days), finisher (25-42 days) and the overall period (11-42 days). On d 42, two birds from each experimental unit were killed, and the ash, calcium and phosphorus content and the strength of the tibia of the chickens were measured.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that by reducing the ideal protein to 80% of the breeder recommendation, body weight gain and feed intake was reduced significantly (P<0.05). Reduction of the dietary CP from 100 to 80%, resulted in inferior FCR during grower period. The inferior performance of broilers fed reduced protein diets is attributed to a limited availability of amino acids (AA). The supplementation of essential AA alone has failed to increase performance in reduced protein diets. The addition of GAA decreased feed intake of treatments (P<0.05) with reduced protein diet (80% of management guide recommendation). Body weight gain and FCR were not affected by dietary GAA supplementation. By reducing dietary protein to 80% of the recommendation, the strength of tibia decreased significantly (P<0.05). A low-protein diet may be associated with a hypocalciuretic effect, increased Ca retention and requirement for available P to avoid Ca:P imbalance, hormonal flux, and bone mobilization. Addition of GAA to the diet did not affect the parameters of bone strength. Tibia ash, Ca and P content were not significantly affected by dietary treatments.
Conclusion: According to the results of this experiment, reducing the dietary ideal protein to 80% of the breeder recommendation, resulted in inferior growth performance and tibia strength of broiler chickens, and dietary addition of GAA did not ameliorate those effects.
Hossein Gholami; Mohammad Reza Kianzad
Volume 16, Issue 2 , October 2015, , Pages 137-145
Abstract
This study was carried out by using two hundred ewes (2-4 years old) as pure breeding (Zel × Zel) and crossbreeding (Chal × Zel). In each treatment, 30 male and 30 female lambs were fattened in a feedlot experiment for three periods; 75, 100 and 125 days. At the end of each period, ...
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This study was carried out by using two hundred ewes (2-4 years old) as pure breeding (Zel × Zel) and crossbreeding (Chal × Zel). In each treatment, 30 male and 30 female lambs were fattened in a feedlot experiment for three periods; 75, 100 and 125 days. At the end of each period, 10 lambs of each treatment were slaughter and carcasses analysis was down. The lean meat percentage and bone percentage in each feedlot periods was not affected by genetic composition and lamb gender (P< 0.05), but carcass fat percent in feedlot periods were significantly (P<0.05) lower in Zel male and crossbred female lambs. Weight of crossbred lambs at the weaning and finishing were 22 and 26 percent heavier than the purebred lambs, respectively. In this study, under industrial breeding conditions, ewes produced 5382 kg live weight lambs in pure breeding system (with 165 percent increase) and 6774 kg live weight lambs, under crossbreeding system (with a 234 percent increase). Consequently, breeding of purebred or crossbred Zel lambs which fattened in an intensive feedlot condition would be economically beneficial to farmers.
Sohrab Azarfar; Ali Nobakht; Yousef Mehmannavaz
Volume 15, Issue 2 , October 2013, , Pages 139-148
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of using different levels of thyme (Thymusvulgaris L.) medicinal plant and multi enzyme (Kemine) on performance and blood biochemicalparameters of Japanese quails with 240 laying bird (6 up to 12 weeks) as a 2*2 factorial include twolevels of thyme ...
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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of using different levels of thyme (Thymusvulgaris L.) medicinal plant and multi enzyme (Kemine) on performance and blood biochemicalparameters of Japanese quails with 240 laying bird (6 up to 12 weeks) as a 2*2 factorial include twolevels of thyme (0 and 0.75 percent) and 2 levels of Kemine enzyme (0 and 0.05 percent) in fourtreatments, 4 replicates and 15 laying quails in each replicate in a completely randomized design.Interaction between thyme and enzyme did not have any significant effects on egg productionperformance. Whereas egg weight in birds who consume thyme, was high (P<0.05) and amounts of blooduric acid and eggshell thickness in birds who received enzyme and thyme in diets, increased (P<0.05).The overall results indicated that using enzyme and thyme in Japanese quails diets can be have positiveeffects on egg weight and eggshell thickness.
Somayeh Zeinali; Mohammad Amir Karimi Torshizi; Farid Shariatmadari
Volume 25, Issue 2 , July 2023, , Pages 201-213
Abstract
Introduction Bacteria of the intestinal tract may have a profound impact on lipids' digestion and utilization. The proposed mechanism for reduced lipids digestibility is the de-conjugation of bile salts, via bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme activity. The activity of BSH is well recognized in ...
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Introduction Bacteria of the intestinal tract may have a profound impact on lipids' digestion and utilization. The proposed mechanism for reduced lipids digestibility is the de-conjugation of bile salts, via bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme activity. The activity of BSH is well recognized in some genera of lactic acid bacteria like Enterococci. Bacteriophages are recognized as bacteria-eating viruses, which are host specific in contrast to antibiotics. We find bacteriophages that lysis the laying hen's intestinal Enterococci. It is expected that oral administration of bacteriophage lessens the negative impact of Enterococci BSH activity on lipids digestion.
Materials and Methods A total of 240 high-line W-36 laying hens aged 50 weeks were tested in six treatments with five replications and eight pieces in each replication for eight weeks in a completely randomized design. Treatments include, 1) control (basal diet without additives), 2) basal diet + antibiotic (virginiamycin), 3) basal diet + lipid-lowering drug (atorvastatin), 4) basal diet + bile salt powder, 5) basal diet + oral gavage of Enterococcus bacteria, and 6) basal diet + oral gavage of bacteriophage against Enterococcus.
Results and Discussion The results showed that the group receiving the lipid-lowering drug (atorvastatin) had significantly the lowest percentage of egg production, the lowest egg mass, and the highest feed conversion rate (P<0.05). Enterococcus bacteria and atorvastatin had the same performance, although Enterococcus bacteria did not increase the feed conversion rate as much as the lipid- atorvastatin, it performed poorly compared to the bacteriophage. The use of phage in poultry improved performance. No significant effect among treatments was observed in albumin, glucose, uric acid, calcium, and phosphorus. The level of cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, and globulin in the atorvastatin group was lower compared to the antibiotic and bile salt groups (P<0.05). Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher in the antibiotic, bacteriophage, and bile salt powder treatments than in the other treatments (P<0.05). The lowest concentration of uric acid was observed in the control group and the highest percentage of hematocrit was observed in the bacteriophage and control groups. The role of antibiotic and bile salt in the rest of the reports was the same as bacteriophage but regarding the increase of hematocrit in bacteriophage treatment, phages showed their superiority in this field (P<0.05). The total number of aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, enterococcus, and coliforms in the bacteriophage group was less than in the bacteria group (P<0.05). However, the digestibility of crude protein was not significantly different between bacteriophage and bacteria groups (P<0.05). The total population of aerobic bacteria was lower in antibiotic and bacteriophage treatments. This study demonstrated the ability to use bacteriophage to reduce the population of specific bacteria. The population of lactic acid bacteria was higher than other treatments in bacteria treatment. Bacteriophage had been more effective to reduce the population of Enterococcus bacteria than other treatments. A close competition between antibiotics and bacteriophage was observed. Regarding the reduction of the E.coli bacteria population, it showed the appropriate ability of bacteriophage to replace the antibiotics. The digestibility of ether extract and dry matter in the bacteriophage was higher than in the bacteria group. The dry matter digestibility in antibiotic and bacteriophage is similar, but bile salt powder was not similar to bacteriophage in this case, and the dry matter in bile salt powder was the lowest (P<0.05).
Conclusion Based on the results, oral bacteriophage could improve dry matter digestibility and reduce the Enterococcus bacteria population without a significant impact on production performance in laying hens.
Akbar Yaghobfar; Rezvan Yaghoubfar; Ehsan Zare Banadkoki
Volume 23, Issue 2 , July 2021, , Pages 223-233
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cell wall carbohydrates with diet supplemented enzyme on the function and expression of glucose transporter genes (SGLT1 and GLUT2), peptide transporter (PepT1) and mucin production (MUC2) in the small intestine of broilers. In this study, 1100 ...
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The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cell wall carbohydrates with diet supplemented enzyme on the function and expression of glucose transporter genes (SGLT1 and GLUT2), peptide transporter (PepT1) and mucin production (MUC2) in the small intestine of broilers. In this study, 1100 mixeddayold chickens (male and female), Ross 308 were used based on a completely randomized design with 11 treatments and five replications (20 birds per replication) for 42 days. Experimental diets included control diets, diets containing wheat, barley, wheat bran, rice bran, and hull less barley with and without enzymes, respectively. The results showed that the effect of diets containing wheat, barley and hull less barley with enzyme on the total live weight of broiler chickens at 42 days of age was significantly different (P <0.05).Cell wall carbohydrates of wheat, wheat bran and rice bran in diets increased pancreatic amylase activity (barley 3.02, wheat 5.99 U/mg CP of small intestinal tissue) (P < 0.05). The expression of the studied SGLT1 and MUC2 genes in the experimental diets without enzyme showed a significant increase compared to enzymes supplemented diet (P < 0.05). Also, among the groups of enzyme-supplemented diets, only wheat and rice bran groups were able to increase the expression of SGLT1, MUC2 and GLUT2 genes compared to the control group (P <0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of diets containing cell wall carbohydrates with enzyme affects the expression of glucose transport genes (SGLT1 and GLUT2), peptide transport (PepT1) and mucin production (MUC2) in the small intestine jejunum. This indicates the optimal function of the digestive system of broilers in terms of digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Seyed Naser Khaleghi Miran; Mohammad Amir Karimi Torshizi; Shaban Rahimi; Mohammad Reza Bassami; Sakine Babaei
Volume 17, Issue 2 , October 2015, , Pages 235-245
Abstract
The effect of ethanolic extract of Iranian green propolis, rosemary and earthworm meal to determine on performance, immune system and blood metabolites of Japanese quail, using 160 mixed-sex quail chicks in a completely randomized design by four treatments (including ethanolic extract of propolis 0.1 ...
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The effect of ethanolic extract of Iranian green propolis, rosemary and earthworm meal to determine on performance, immune system and blood metabolites of Japanese quail, using 160 mixed-sex quail chicks in a completely randomized design by four treatments (including ethanolic extract of propolis 0.1 percent, rosemary leaves meal 0.5 percent, earthworm meal 0.5 percent and control) and four replicates of 10 birds in each replication for 42 days. Earthworm meal improved the performance (P<0.05). The treatments had no significant effect on the antibody production against sheep red blood cells. The highest antibody titers against Avian Influenza and Newcastle disease were related to rosemary and propolis, respectively (P<0.05). Rosemary supplemented group showed a better response to cell mediated immunity (P<0.05). Addition of propolis and rosemary in diet led to improvement in blood metabolites and earthworm meal decreased blood serum triglycerides, cholesterol and low density lipoproteins compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). The results showed that propolis and rosemary enhanced immunity. Furthermore, they were reduced serum glucose and lipids. Although earthworm meal improved performance but it was less effective in improving the immune system and blood metabolites.
fatemeh fouladvand; Ali Kiani; seyed davood sharifi; Arash Azarfar
Volume 21, Issue 2 , July 2019, , Pages 247-259
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) and to estimate efficiency of energy utilization for gain (kg) using comparative slaughter technique (CST) and relative growth index (RGI: gain/BW0.75) in growing turkey chicks from one to four kg of live body weight (LBW). ...
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The aim of this study was to determine energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) and to estimate efficiency of energy utilization for gain (kg) using comparative slaughter technique (CST) and relative growth index (RGI: gain/BW0.75) in growing turkey chicks from one to four kg of live body weight (LBW). Forty male turkey chicks (24 days of age, 800 ± 93 g LBW) were fed a standard diet (12.3 MJ ME) up to 4 kg of LBW. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME, and AMEn), nutrient digestibility of the diet, and energy balance were determined at two and three kg of BW. In CST, twenty chicks were randomly killed at four stages (five birds at each stage) at 1119 ±60, 2539 ±93, 3528 ±68, 3957 ±82 g of body weight, and the chemical composition of carcass were measured. Maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and efficiency of energy utilization for gain were determined by linear regression in CST. In RGI, the MEm and energy for growth were estimated by a regression of ME intake and relative daily gain. The results showed that in CST, MEm and efficiency of energy utilization for gain were 450 (kJ/kg BW0.75/d), and 56% respectively. In RGI, the MEm and energy for growth were 3.66 (kJ/g BW0.75/d), and 10.4 kJ per g gain. In conclusion, using RGI method is recommended to estimate energy requirement for maintenance and growth in growing turkey due to its simplicity.
Ayub Mohammadi; Farhang Fatehi; Abolfazl Zali; Mehdi ganjkhanlou; Amirhossein Sarzaem
Volume 22, Issue 2 , June 2020, , Pages 259-269
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feed bunk space and forage particle size on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in growing Holstein female calves. Fourty Holstein female calves with an average age of 8-12 months (295.6 ± 32.8 kg) were used in a 2×2 factorial ...
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feed bunk space and forage particle size on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in growing Holstein female calves. Fourty Holstein female calves with an average age of 8-12 months (295.6 ± 32.8 kg) were used in a 2×2 factorial change-over design (with four treatments, four periods and four stalls), in which 10 calves were allocated to each stall. The current experiment lasted 4 months as one month allocated to each period. The experimental treatments were included: 1) 24 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 4.6 mm (24/fine); 2) 24 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 7.1 mm (24/coarse); 3) 48 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 4.6 mm (48/fine); 4) 48 cm of feed bunk space and average forage particle size of 7.1 mm (48/coarse). The results of this study showed that the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP and NDF for the 48/Coarse treatment was the highest, the treatment of 24/Coarse had an intermediate state, and for the treatment of 48/fine and 24/fine were the lowest. Also, apparent digestibilities of DM, CP and NDF were higher for treatments including coarse forage particles than treatments with fine forage particle size. Finally, it seems that feeding growing Holstein heifers with diets containing coarse forage particle size could result in better nutrient digestibility.
Asghar Sedaghat; Mohammad Amir Karimi Torshizi; Shaban Rahimi
Volume 18, Issue 2 , June 2016, , Pages 273-286
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of camphor levels on performance, organ weight, testosterone and thyroid hormones, intestinal selective bacteria, and meat peroxidation of Japanese quail. Two-hundred 1-d chicks were allocated in 20 cages with five treatments and four replicates (10 chicks ...
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of camphor levels on performance, organ weight, testosterone and thyroid hormones, intestinal selective bacteria, and meat peroxidation of Japanese quail. Two-hundred 1-d chicks were allocated in 20 cages with five treatments and four replicates (10 chicks per each cage) using complete randomized block design. Treatments were including: 0, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 ppm camphor which dissolved in soybean oil. Blood sample was taken then quails were slaughtered at 42-d of age. Results revealed camphor unaffected the carcass and organs weight. Also feed conversion ratio, feed intake, live body weight, and thyroid hormones unaffected by using camphor supplementation in the diet. Results showed that camphor could enhance libido by increasing the production and secretion of testosterone (P< 0.05). Dietary camphor had a significant effect on the intestinal microbial population, so that could reduce the aerobic bacteria and coliforms, whereas increased the lactic acid bacteria and spore former bacteria (P< 0.05). Meat malondialdehyde level has been also changed significantly in both sexes by camphor dietary supplementation, which increased by using 62.5, 125, and 250 ppm camphor (P< 0.05). According to the current results, using camphor is recommendable for successfully reproduction in male birds.
Mehdi Dehghan banadaky; abolfazl zali
Volume 20, Issue 2 , August 2018, , Pages 283-292
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of feeding yeast probiotic in milk or starter on growth, fecal score, health, blood and rumen parameters, 30 female Holstein calves with average 40.4±1.8 kg birth weight in Taliseh Nemouneh dairy farm used from 14 until 65 days old. Calves randomly divided to 3 treatments ...
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To evaluate the effect of feeding yeast probiotic in milk or starter on growth, fecal score, health, blood and rumen parameters, 30 female Holstein calves with average 40.4±1.8 kg birth weight in Taliseh Nemouneh dairy farm used from 14 until 65 days old. Calves randomly divided to 3 treatments including: 1) control (without probiotic) 2) yeast probiotic in starter 3) yeast probiotic in milk. Average daily gain, body weight and feed efficiency were not significantly different between treatments. Dry matter intake was significantly lower in treatment 2 than control (P<0.01). Digestibility of feed nutrients, ammonia nitrogen concentration, rumen fluid pH and blood parameters did not affected by treatments. Fecal score and health in treatment 2 and 3 were better than control. Generally, calves were fed with yeast probiotic in milk had the best fecal score and health