amir ahmadikhatir; taghi ghoorchi; abdolhakim toghdari; mohammad asadi
Abstract
Objective: Climate change is a concerning issue that has negative effects on livestock. This global climate situation leads to multiple stresses in livestock, affecting their production and health. Heat stress is the most significant stressor with detrimental effects. High temperature and humidity lead ...
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Objective: Climate change is a concerning issue that has negative effects on livestock. This global climate situation leads to multiple stresses in livestock, affecting their production and health. Heat stress is the most significant stressor with detrimental effects. High temperature and humidity lead to an imbalance between metabolic heat output in the animal's body and its loss to the surrounding environment, resulting in heat stress. One of the solutions to optimize production conditions and livestock health, by improving nutrient metabolism and eliminating or reducing stress conditions, is the use of chromium as a metabolic enhancer. In the condition of stress, the mobilization of glycogen reserves and the production of glucose occur to produce energy to maintain stability in the body. Chromium is one of the scarce essential minerals that plays a important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Chromium is part of the glucose tolerance factor that increases the affinity of insulin receptors to insulin hormone and increases the sensitivity of receptors to insulin. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of feeding milk enriched with inorganic, organic and chromium nanoparticles supplements on performance, digestibility of nutrients, feeding behaviors and microbial protein synthesis of Holstein suckling calves under heat stress conditions.
Methods: Thirty two calves with average weight 37± 3 kg were assigned to four experimental treatments with eight replications in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included: 1) control (milk without chromium supplement), 2) milk contained 3 mg of chromium in mineral form per day, 3) milk contained 3 mg of chromium in the form of chromium-methionine per day, and 4) milk contained 3 mg of chromium in the form of chromium nanoparticles per day. The duration of the experimental period was 63 days.
Results: The results showed that, in calves fed with chromium nanoparticles-enriched milk, significant improvements were observed in final weight, period weight gain, daily weight gain, total dry matter intake, starter, and reduced feed conversion ratio (P≤0.05). Different forms of chromium had a significant effect on dry matter and organic matter digestibility in suckling calves, with the highest dry matter and organic matter digestibility was related to treatments receiving chromium nanoparticles compared to the control treatment (P≤0.05). Chromium supplementation in inorganic, organic, and chromium nanoparticles forms had no effect on feeding behaviors of calves. However, the standing behavior of calves receiving different forms of chromium increased compared to the control treatment, and the lying behavior decreased (P≤0.05). The intake of different forms of chromium by calves did not cause significant differences in purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis. However, the amount of urinary uric acid in the control treatment was the highest and the treatment receiving chromium nanoparticles showed the lowest amount (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: In general, the use of chromium, especially in the form of chromium nanoparticles, is recommended for calves under heat stress conditions.
Ghasem Khadem; Taghi Ghoorchi; Abdolhakim Toghdory; Katayoun Mehrani; Kamel Amozadeh Araee
Abstract
Objective: Proper raising of suckling calves is important in creating a profitable productive herd. In this regard, the three important principles of nutrition, preservation of the environment and disease control will be effective in reducing losses caused by losses from birth to weaning. In recent years, ...
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Objective: Proper raising of suckling calves is important in creating a profitable productive herd. In this regard, the three important principles of nutrition, preservation of the environment and disease control will be effective in reducing losses caused by losses from birth to weaning. In recent years, efforts have been made in calf nutrition to find the best combination of starter diets to justify the best growth and health. Grain processing makes starch available to microbes and increases the rate and extent of starch degradation in the rumen. Considering that there is little information about the effect of barley processing on feed intake and performance behavior in dairy calves, therefore, this study aims to compare non-steamed flaked barley with milled barley on performance, fecal score, chewing behavior and blood parameters of Holstein suckling calves.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 12 Holstein female calves aged 20 to 25 days and an initial body weight of 44±2.7 kg were used in two treatments and six replications. The treatments included: 1- starter diet containing milled barley, and 2- starter diet containing non-steamed flaked barley. The duration of the trial period was 35 days. The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. On the 58th and 59th days of the experiment, feed intake behavior was calculated by recording activity for 24 hours. During the research period, the calf fecal score was also checked. To measure blood parameters on the 35th day of the experiment, blood was taken four hours after morning feeding using heparinized venoject tubes from the jugular vein of the calves.
Results and Discussion: The results comparing the effect of milled and non-steamed flaked barley on the performance of Holstein calves showed that there is a significant difference between the calves fed non-steamed flaked barley in terms of final weight, weight changes, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than calves fed milled barley (P<0.05). The calves fed non-steamed flaked barley had more weight changes (11.66) during the experimental period. There was a significant difference in eating behavior, rumination, chewing and rest of calves between experimental treatments (P<0.05). The fecal consistency score, the number of calves with diarrhea and the average days with diarrhea were not affected by the treatments Blood glucose concentration of calves fed non-steamed flaked barley was higher than that of calves consumed milled barley (P<0.05). However, blood concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin and their ratio were not affected.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the use of non-steamed flaked barley compared to milled barley increased DMI and ADG, and improved FCR and eating behavior of dairy calves.
Maghsad Sahneh; Abdolhakim Toghdory; Taghi Ghoorchi; mohammad asadi
Abstract
Objective: The nutritional value of corn industrial products is very important and it is one of the valuable sources of organic materials for industrial usage. Starch, animal feed, sugar syrup and oil are extracted from corn in starch factories. Residues from food industries are among the industrial ...
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Objective: The nutritional value of corn industrial products is very important and it is one of the valuable sources of organic materials for industrial usage. Starch, animal feed, sugar syrup and oil are extracted from corn in starch factories. Residues from food industries are among the industrial wastes that can be consumed by animals. In extracting starch and preparing glucose from corn, some by-products are obtained which are suitable for animal feeding. Among these products, the corn steep liquor is more taken into consideration. Corn steep liquor, which is produced during the wet milling process of corn kernels to extract corn starch and oil, is a relatively cheap, tasty and easily available product for animals and it has potential to be used as a feedstuff in ruminants due to its proper energy and protein content and low fiber concentration. Corn liquor, is a viscous liquid with a light to dark brown color which has a smell similar to silage and acidic pH, 3.86, which can be used in animal feed. Material and Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn steep liquor replaced for soybean meal on feed intake and ruminal fermentation of lactating Dalagh ewes. Twenty one ewes with parity 3 (average weight of 36±3.7 kg) were used in 3 treatments and 7 repetitions in the form of a completely randomized design. The treatments included: 1) control, 2) diet containing 4 percent of corn steep liquor of DM and 3) diet containing 8 percent of corn steep liquor of DM.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that dry matter intake increased with the increase of dietary corn steep liquor level (P≥0.05). There was no significant difference in rumen pH and protozoa population. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration increased with the increase of corn steep liquor level in the diet (P≥0.05). There was no significant difference in the concentration of butyrate, isovalerate, valerate and the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen among the experimental treatments. However, with the increase in the dietary level of corn steep liquor, the concentrations of propionate increased and the concentration of acetate and total volatile fatty acids decreased in the rumen (P≥0.05). Blood cholesterol concentration was not significantly different between different treatments; but total protein, urea nitrogen, triglyceride and blood glucose concentrations increased with increasing the level of corn steep liquor in the diet (P≥0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be recommended to add corn steep liquor to animal rations up to the level of 200 grams per kilogram of dry matter consumed.
Mahboobeh shahi; Taghi Ghoorchi; Abdolhakim Toghdory; Seyed Hadi Ebrahimi
Abstract
Introduction: Cottonseed is a valuable feed ingredient due to its high fiber and energy content, which can enhance the energy and protein levels in animal diets. In the irradiation or micronization method, using infrared rays and without damaging the fat cells, while maintaining the profile of fatty ...
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Introduction: Cottonseed is a valuable feed ingredient due to its high fiber and energy content, which can enhance the energy and protein levels in animal diets. In the irradiation or micronization method, using infrared rays and without damaging the fat cells, while maintaining the profile of fatty acids, the seed is heated, and its anti-nutritional factors are destroyed. Sodium hydroxide treatment can affect ruminal degradability and nutrient digestibility, ultimately influencing performance. This study aimed to assess the impact of feeding processed cottonseed on the performance, blood parameters, nutrient digestibility, and feeding behavior of fattening male lambs.
Material and Methods: The study was conducted at the animal husbandry facility in Ghala Khan village, North Khorasan province. For this purpose, 40 Afshari male lambs (4-6 months old) with an average weight of 27.6±4 kg were randomly allocated to four treatments with ten replications for 84 days. The experimental treatments included: 1) diet containing whole cottonseed, 2) diet containing ground cottonseed, 3) diet containing micronized cottonseed, and 4) diet containing sodium hydroxide-treated cottonseed. For irradiation, 5% of drinking water was added to the cottonseed and it was rotated inside a cylinder for 10 minutes at a speed of 20 revolutions per minute until the water was completely absorbed by the seed. Then, the seeds were exposed to infrared radiation with an irradiation distance of 12 cm for 60 seconds in a gas flicker micronizer and immediately after leaving the micronizer, they were placed between two metal rollers. They were pressed and filled at a distance of 1 mm. The chemical processing of the foam samples was done in such a way that first a 4% solution of sodium hydroxide (40 grams of sodium hydroxide in 100 milliliters of distilled water) was prepared. This solution was mixed with cottonseed samples to obtain four grams of sodium hydroxide per 100 grams of dry matter of cotton seeds, and then it was kept and dried in open air for 48 hours. Lambs were kept in individual stalls during the experiment and had free access to water during the period. Fecal and feed samples were collected during the last week of the experimental period for determining digestibility. Insoluble fiber levels were determined using Van Soest's method, and nutrient digestibility was assessed using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker. Blood samples were collected on the last day and before morning feeding. Feeding behavior (resting, rumination, chewing, eating) of the lambs was measured continuously for 24 hours on the last two days of experiment.
Results and Discussion: The micronized cottonseed increased final weight as well as dry matter digestibility (P<0.05), and improved feed conversion ratio. There was no significant difference in feeding behavior in lambs fed with different treatments of cottonseed. Blood cholesterol, triglyceride and urea levels were highest in lambs fed micronized cottonseed and lowest in those fed whole or ground cottonseed (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicated that micronized cottonseed and processing of cottonseed by sodium hydroxide could increase daily weight gain and improved the feed conversion ratio in fattening lambs, suggesting their potential inclusion in feedlot diets.
mohammad asadi; Taghi Ghoorchi; Abdolhakim Toghdory
Abstract
Introduction: During pregnancy, especially the period around birth, animals make many metabolic adjustments to support the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Since the last two months of pregnancy (late pregnancy) constitute 75% of fetal growth, therefore, enriching the sheep diet can have positive ...
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Introduction: During pregnancy, especially the period around birth, animals make many metabolic adjustments to support the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Since the last two months of pregnancy (late pregnancy) constitute 75% of fetal growth, therefore, enriching the sheep diet can have positive consequences on the health and general performance of the ewe and lamb. In such conditions, using of management and nutritional strategies will reduce the problems during the transition period and heat stress condition. Under stress condition, the mobilization of glycogen reserves and glucose production occur to produce energy to maintain stability in the body. Chromium is one of the scarce essential minerals that plays an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Chromium is part of the glucose tolerance factor that increases the affinity of insulin receptors to insulin hormone and increases the sensitivity of receptors to insulin.
Material and Methods: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different forms of chromium in ewes during the transition period under the heat stress condition. Forty pregnant Afshari ewes from 42±5 days before the expected lambing were assigned to four treatments with 10 replications in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included: 1) basal diet without chromium supplementation (control), 2) basal diet containing three milligrams of inorganic chromium per kg of DM, 3) basal diet containing three milligrams of chromium in the form of chromium-methionine per kg of DM and 4) basal diet containing three milligrams of chromium in the form of chromium nanoparticles per kg of DM.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that ewes receiving chromium had less weight changes at two, four and six weeks after lambing (P≥0.05). Also, supplementation of different forms of chromium increased the body condition score of ewes at the time and six weeks after lambing (P≥0.05). Ewes receiving chromium-methionine and chromium nanoparticles had better body condition than control and inorganic chromium treatments. There was no significant difference in glucose concentration between the treatments 60 and 90 minutes after intravenous glucose injection. After 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after the intravenous injection of glucose, the insulin concentration of the ewes receiving different forms of chromium decreased compared to the control treatment (P≥0.05).
Conclusion: In general, the use of chromium, especially in the form of chromium-methionine and chromium nanoparticles, is recommended during the transition period of ewes under the influence of heat stress.
Abdolhakim Toghdory; Taghi Ghoorchi; Mohammad Asadi; Javad Zareie
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of feeding milk enriched with garlic powder on performance, digestibility of nutrients, diarrhea status and blood parameters in suckling lambs, twenty-four newborn lambs (birth weight 3.7±0.5) were randomly placed in three treatments and eight replications. The ...
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In order to investigate the effect of feeding milk enriched with garlic powder on performance, digestibility of nutrients, diarrhea status and blood parameters in suckling lambs, twenty-four newborn lambs (birth weight 3.7±0.5) were randomly placed in three treatments and eight replications. The lambs of the control group were fed with milk without garlic powder and the other groups were fed with 1.5 and 3 grams of garlic powder per day, respectively, for 45 days. The results obtained from this research showed that consumption of garlic powder in suckling lambs led to improvement in daily weight gain, final weight and starter feed consumption (P<0.05). Also, treatments caused a significant increase in digestibility of nutrients (P<0.05). The use of garlic powder in experimental lambs improved stool consistency and significantly reduced the number of lambs with diarrhea and the average days of diarrhea (P<0.05). By adding garlic powder, the concentration of glucose and high-density lipoprotein increased (P<0.05). In addition, garlic powder caused a significant decrease in the level of triglyceride, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein in plasma (P<0.05). However, different levels of garlic powder did not make a significant difference on the concentration of urea, albumin, globulin and the ratio of albumin to globulin. According to the present results, it is possible to use garlic powder up to the level of at least 1.5 grams per day as a food additive to improve the performance and health of suckling lambs.
Kamel Amozadeh Araee; Taghi Ghoorchi; Abdolhakim Toghdory
Abstract
Introduction: Minerals affect wool production in sheep by affecting feed intake, altering rumen function and affecting the flow of nutrients from the rumen or by directly disrupting the animal's metabolism. Wool has the highest concentration of sulfur, which indicates the higher need of wool-producing ...
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Introduction: Minerals affect wool production in sheep by affecting feed intake, altering rumen function and affecting the flow of nutrients from the rumen or by directly disrupting the animal's metabolism. Wool has the highest concentration of sulfur, which indicates the higher need of wool-producing sheep for sulfur than other breeds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of bentonite sulfur on yield, wool quality, blood minerals, liver enzymes and thyroid hormones of ewes.Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of different levels of bentonite sulfur in sheep. For this purpose, 18 Dalagh ewes (average weight 38 ± 3.5 kg) were kept individually for 42 days with three treatments and 6 repetitions. Experimental treatments included: 1) control (without bentonite sulfur), 2) treatment containing 0.15 percent of bentonite sulfur and 3) treatment containing 0.3 percent of bentonite sulfur(based on dry matter). At first, to ensure the health of all the ewes, they are subjected to a thorough and thorough examination. The bentonite sulfur used in this research contanied 90% sulfur and 10% bentonite. The diets used in this experiment were prepared and adjusted according to the tables of NRC and were given to the ewes in the morning and evening. Ewes were weighed at the beginning and the end of the period after 16 hours of starvation using a digital scale. In order to determine the quality of sheep's wool, in the initial test, the ewes were arranged uniformly on the 41st day of the experiment, and samples were taken from the left side of the ewes in a 10 x 10 cm format according to the common and standard instructions using a manual wool picker. For determination of blood parameters, on the last day of the experiment, three hours after morning feeding, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the ewes.Results and discussion: The results obtained from this research showed that with the increase in the level of bentonite sulfur in the diet, the length of fibers, efficiency, strength, kemp and the coefficient of variation of fiber diameter increased (P<0.05). Also, increasing the level of bentonite sulfur increased the concentration of serum sulfur and triiodothyronine hormone (P<0.05). Bentonite sulfur supplementation had no significant effect on final weight, daily weight gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio of ewes. Also, different levels of bentonite sulfur had no significant effect on Non-Medullated fibers, Medullated fibers, average diameter and fiber crude protein. copper gallate, calcium, selenium, phosphorus and serum molybdenum. Addition of bentonite sulfur had no significant effect on serum concentrations of copper, calcium, selenium, phosphorus, molybdenum as well as the concentration of liver enzymes of experimental ewes. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the use of bentonite sulfur up to the level of 0.3% of dry matter, could improve the strength and efficiency of wool fibers and it can be used in feeding ewes without having negative effects on their health and performance.
Kamel Amozadeh Araee; Taghi Ghoorchi; Abdolhakim Toghdory; Mohammad Asadi; Katayoun Mehrani
Abstract
The effect of different levels of Oji plant powder on performance, nutrient digestibility, rumination behavior, blood and rumen parameters of Dalagh ewes, using 18 ewes with an average weight of 38±3.5 kg in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six Repetition was investigated. ...
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The effect of different levels of Oji plant powder on performance, nutrient digestibility, rumination behavior, blood and rumen parameters of Dalagh ewes, using 18 ewes with an average weight of 38±3.5 kg in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six Repetition was investigated. The treatments included 1- control (without Oji powder), 2- 25 gr of Oji powder per day and 3- 50 gr of Oji powder per day. Different levels of Oji powder in ewes had no effect on the weight at the end of the period, daily weight gain, cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and blood albumin/globulin ratio. Feeding ewes with different levels of Oji powder decreased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, increased nutritional consumption behavior and rumination activity, and increased blood urea and triglyceride levels(P<0.05). Feeding ewes with different levels of Oji powder caused a significant decrease in protozoan population three hours after feeding and an increase in rumen pH three hours after morning feeding(P<0.05). Ruminal ammonia concentration in ewes that received 50 gr of Oji powder per day was higher than other treatments(P<0.05). According to the results of this research, adding the powder of Oji plant up to the level of 50 gr per day to the ration of Dalagh ewes does not have a significant effect on the functional traits of the animal, and it also shows a positive effect on the protozoan population and rumen pH.
Mostafa Hossein Abadi; Taghi Ghoorchi; Abdolhakim Toghdory
Abstract
Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, health index, nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites and feed consumption behavior of infant calves using 18 Simmental infant male calves aged about 20 days and initial body weight 47±2.4 kg was studied in a completely randomized design ...
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Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, health index, nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites and feed consumption behavior of infant calves using 18 Simmental infant male calves aged about 20 days and initial body weight 47±2.4 kg was studied in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications. Treatments included: 1- control group (without yeast), 2- treatments containing 2.5 grams of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast per day and 3- Treatments containing five grams of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast per day. The trial period was 60 days, which included a seven-day acclimatization period. Dry matter intake and daily weight gain were measured and feed conversion ratio was calculated. Digestibility of nutrients and blood metabolites were measured. Calves receiving five grams of yeast had higher weight gain and better conversion ratio (P <0.05). Blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and nitrogen urea concentrations were not affected by experimental treatments. Dry matter digestibility was higher in calves consuming 5 g of yeast than the control group (P <0.05). According to the results of this study, the use of yeast improves daily weight gain and improves feed conversion ratio as well as significantly increases dry matter digestibility, so it is possible to use Sacromycis cerevisiae in the diets of suckling calves, Used at a level of five grams per day.
Karim Nobari; Abdol-Halim Kor; Abdolhakim Toghdory; Saber Jelokhani-niaraki
Abstract
The objective of this study was to consider biometric indices for distinguishing the difference between the Thoroughbred and the Turkoman horse breeds. Body conformation traits of 23 stallions and 23 mares of Thoroughbred and 26 stallions and 33 mares of Turkoman at the ages of two, three and ...
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The objective of this study was to consider biometric indices for distinguishing the difference between the Thoroughbred and the Turkoman horse breeds. Body conformation traits of 23 stallions and 23 mares of Thoroughbred and 26 stallions and 33 mares of Turkoman at the ages of two, three and four years , were measured for calculating of 12 indices. Then, the data were analyzed as a factorial of 2×2×3 undercompletely randomized design using R software. The considered factors included: breed (Turkoman and Thorughbred), sex (mare and stallion) and age (two, three and four years of age). This study showed that indices of withers to body length (P<0.05), metacarpus circumference to its length (P<0.01) and metatarsus circumference to its length in Thoroughbred breed were greater than Turkoman breed and index of head side neck width to withers height ratio in Turkoman breed was significantly (P<0.05) پ greater than Thoroughbred breed. Age and sex had a significant effect on three different investigated indices. According to the significant effect of breed on some biometric indices, the indices in respect to sex and age can be used for breed identification.