Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand - Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand - Iran (Corresponding Author*)
Abstract
The fresh Pomegranate seed pulp (PSP, containing 47.5 percent dry matter) was ensiled within plastic buckets (three kg weight) for 70 days and then chemical composition, phenolic compounds concentration and DM ruminal degradability parameters and ruminal, post-ruminal and total tract digestibility of DM were measured. The results showed that ensiling significantly decreased total phenolic compounds, total tannins, gallic acid, tannic acid, penicillin and punicalagin A content of PSP but condensed tannins, ellagic acid and punicalagin B content were not affected by preservation method. DM ruminal degradability parameters, rapidly and slowly potentially degradable fractions and effective degradability on passage rate of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 per h were not significantly affected by treatments but ensiling increased the ruminal and total tract digestibility of DM and decreased the DM degradability rate constant and DM post-ruminal digestibility. Based on the results of this study ensiling could improve the nutritional value of PSP.
Keywords
1 . بینام (1389) آمارنامههای کشاورزی، وزارت جهاد کشاورزی. دفتر فناوری و اطلاعات، تهران، ایران.
2 . صمدلوئی ح. ر.، عزیزی م. ح. و برزگر م (1386) اثر آنتیاکسیدانی ترکیبات فنولیک هسته انار بر روغن سویا. علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. جلد 14، شماره چهارم.
3 . فروغی ا. ن. و فضائلی ح (1380) بررسی روشهای مختلف سیلو کردن ضایعات پسته. سومین کنگره تغذیه دام، مرکز تحقیقات دامپروری کشور، کرج، ایران.
4 . مدرسی ج.، فتحی نسری م. ح.، دیانی ا. و رشیدی ل (1389) تأثیر تغذیه با جیره حاوی تفاله دانه انار بر مصرف خوراک، عملکرد و متابولیهای سرم خون بزهای آمیخته خراسان جنوبی. پژوهشهای علوم دامی. 2(4/20): 132-123.
5 . Abbasi H, Rezaei K and Rashidi L (2008) Extraction of essential oils from the seeds of pomegranate using organic solvents and supercritical CO2. American Oil Chemistry Society. 85: 83-89.
6 . Adams LS, Seeram NP, Aggarwal BB, Takada Y, Sand D and Heber D (2006) Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins, and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signaling in colon cancer cells. Agricultural Food and Chemistry. 54: 980-985.
7 . AOAC (1998) Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Washington, DC.
8 . Bagheripour E, Rouzbehan Y and Alipour D (2008) Effect of ensiling, air-drying and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production of pistachio by-products. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 146: 327-336.
9 . Barman K and Rai SN (2008) In vitro nutrient digestibility, gas production and tannin metabolites of Acacia nilotica pods in goats. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 21: 59-65.
10 . Barman K, Deepak K, Tandon DM, Thirumeignanam D and Rai SN (2008) Tannins estimation. Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division N.D.R.I., Karnal, India.
11 . Cummins DG (1971) Relationships between tannin content and forage digestibility in sorghum. Agronomy. 63: 500-502.
12 . Dubis M, Hamilton, KA, Rebers PA and Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry. 28: 350-356.
13 . Feizi R, Ghodrat Nama A, Zahedifar M, Danesh Mesgaran M and Raisianzade M (2005) The influence of urea treatment on in vitro gas production of pomegranate peel. Proceeding of British Society of Animal Science. 223 p.
14 . Filippich LJ, Zhu J and Oelrichs P (1991) Hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic principles in Terminalia oblongata. Resarch Veterinary Science. 50: 170-177.
15 . Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM and Kader AA (2000) Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48: 4581-4589.
16 . Haslam E (1989) Plant polyphenols-vegetable tannins revisited. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Pp. 220-230.
17 . Holliman A, (1985) Acorn poisoning in ruminants. Veterinary Research. 116: 546.
18 . Kulkarni AP, Aradhya SM and Divakar S (2004) Isolation and identification of a radical scavenging antioxidant – punicalagin from pith and carpellary membrane of pomegranate fruit. Food Chemistry. 87: 551-557.
19 . Makkar HPS (2000) Measurement of total phenolics and tannins using folin-ciocalteu method. In: Makar, H.M.S (Eds.), Quantification of tannins in the foliage. Joint FAO/IAEA division of nuclear techniques in food and agriculture, IAEA, Vienna, Austria. Pp. 4-6.
20 . McDonald P, Henderson AR and Heron S (1991) The biochemistry of silage. 2nd ed. Marlow. 340 p.
21 . McSweeney CS, Palmer B, McNeill DM and Krause DO (2001) Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technoogy. 91: 83-93.
22 . Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A, Maheri-Sis N, Mansouri H, Razeghi ME, Mirza-Aghazadeh A, Cheraghi H and Aghajanzadeh-Golshani A (2011) Evaluating potential nutritive value of pomegranate processing by-products for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Agricultural and Biological Science. 6: 45-51.
23 . Modaresi J, Fathi Nasri MH, Rashidi L, Dayani O and Kebreab E (2011) Effects of supplementation with pomegranate seed pulp on concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and punicic acid in goat milk. Dairy Science. 94: 4075-4080.
24 . Nishino N, Wada H, Yoshida M and Shiota H (2004) Microbial counts, fermentation products, and aerobic stability of whole crop corn and a total mixed ration ensiled with and without inoculation of Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri. Dairy Science. 87: 2563-2570.
25 . Ørskov ER and McDonald IM (1979) The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Agricultural Science. 92: 499-503.
26 . Osman MA (2004) Changes in sorghum enzyme inhibitors, phytic acid, tannins and in vitro protein digestibility occurring during Khamir (local bread) fermentation. Food Chemistry. 88: 129-134.
27 . Ozkose E, Kuloglu R, Comlekcioglu U, Kar K, Akyol I and Ekinci MS (2011) Effects of tannic acid on the fibrolytic enzyme activity and survival of some ruminal bacteria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 11: 386-390.
28 . Porter LJ, Hrstich LN and Chan BG (1986) The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochemistry. 25: 223-230.
29 . Quideau S (2008) Chemistry and biology of ellagitannins, an underestimated class of bioactive plant polyphenols, World Scientific Publishing Co. London. Pp. 78-86.
30 . Reed JD (1995) Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. Animal Science. 73: 1516-1528.
31 . Sadeghi N, Jannat BJ, Oveisi MR, Hajimahmoodi M and Photovat M (2009) The antioxidant activity of Iranian pomegranate (punica granatum L.) seed extracts. Agricultural Science. 11: 633-638.
32 . Seeram NP, Zhang Y, Reed JD, Krueger CG and Vaya J (2006) Pomegranate phytochemicals. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. Pp. 129-137.
33 . Shabtay A, Eitam H, Tadmor Y, Orav A, Meir A, Weinberg P, Zwika G, Weinberg ZG, Chen Y, Brosh A, Izhak I and Kerem Z (2008) Nutritive and antioxidative potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed. Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56: 10063-10070.
34 . Shabtay A, Nikbachat M, Zenou A, Yosef E, Arkin O, Sneer O, Shwimmer A, Yaari A, Budman E, Agmon G and Miron J (2012) Effects of adding a concentrated pomegranate extract to the ration of lactating cows on performance and udder health parameters. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 175: 24-32.
35 . Silanikove N, Perevolotsky A and Provenza FD (2001) Use of tannin-binding chemicals to assay for tannins and their negative post-ingestive effects in ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 91: 69-81.
36 . Statistical Analysis Systems Institute (SAS) (2002) SAS version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary. NC. USA.
37 . Taher-Maddah M, Maheri-Sis N, Salamatdoustnobar R and Ahmadzadeh A (2012) Estimating fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of ensiled and dried pomegranate seeds for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Open Veterinary. 2: 40-45.
38 . Valizadeh R, Naserian AA and Vahmani P (2009) Influence of drying and ensiling pistachio by-products with urea and molasses on their chemical composition, tannin content and rumen degradability parameters. Animal and Veterinary Advances. 8: 2363-2368.
39 . Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB and Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary neutral detergent fiber, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Dairy Science. 74: 3583-3597.
40 . Yoshida T, Amakura Y and Yoshimura M (2010) Structural features and biological properties of ellagitannins in some plant families of the order Myrtales. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 11: 79-106.
41 . Yoshimura M, Watanabe Y, Kasai K, Yamakoshi J and Koga T (2005) Inhibitory effect of an ellagic acid rich pomegranate extract on tyrosinase activity and ultraviolet inducted pigment. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 69: 2368-2373.
)