Journal of Animal Production, Print ISSN: 2008-6776., Online ISSN: 2382-994X

The effect of chemical treatment of rice straw and bran on the chemical composition and in Vitro fermentation parameters

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Khatam Aminoroayaee 1
Tahere Amirabadi Farahani 2
Golnaz Taasoli 3
Saeid Karimi Dehkordi 4
Fariba Rezaei Sarteshnizi 5

1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture., Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. E-mail: khatamamini78@gmail.com

2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. E-mail: amirabadi@sku.ac.ir

3 Corresponding Author, Department of Animal Science, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shahrekord, Iran. E-mail: gtaasoli@gmail.com

4 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. E-mail: saeid.karimi@sku.ac.ir

5 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran. E-mail: F.rezaei@malayeru.ac.ir

https://doi.org/10.22059/jap.2026.408019.623891
Abstract
Objective: Agricultural residues are part of ruminant diets, and it is necessary to optimize the use of these materials and minimize wastage through proper processing (treating) of these residues to improve palatability. Rice straw and rice bran are two major residues after harvesting and processing of rice, and chemical processing mostly improve their digestibility of the residues, due to the weakening hydrogen bonding in the rice straw, which can be improved by chemical treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical processing (with nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hypochlorite) as a desilication method on the chemical composition, fermentation parameters, and in vitro digestibility of nutrients of rice straw and rice bran, and compare them wheat straw and bran.
Method: Rice straw and bran were desilicated using nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hypochlorite, pressure, heating and drying. The experimental treatments included 1- Straws: 1- wheat straw as positive control, 2- untreated rice straw, 3-treated rice straw and 2- Brans: 1- wheat bran as positive control, 2- untreated rice bran and 3- treated rice bran). Chemical composition, concentration of silica, in vitro gas production parameters and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility of all treatments were measured and metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short-chain fatty acids concentration were estimated.
Results: Chemical treatment significantly decreased (P<0.05) the contents of silica, crude protein, ether extract and ash in treated rice straw when compared with untreated rice straw. No significant effects were observed for potential of gas production, lag time, ammonia nitrogen concentration, total protozoa population, NDF, and acid detergent fiber; however, gas production rate and estimated short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration increased (P<0.05) and pH decreased (P<0.05) in treated rice straw compared to untreated rice straw and wheat straw. The in vitro NDF digestibility tended to increase in treated rice straw compared to untreated rice straw and wheat straw. Chemical processing reduced dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash contents, and increased pH (P<0.05). Gas production potential, gas production rate, ammonia nitrogen concentration and NDF decreased in treated rice bran compared to untreated rice bran (P<0.05). However, chemical treatment had no effect on lg time, total protozoa population, Epidinium and Entodinium population, estimated ME, OMD and SCFA concentration.
Conclusions: Chemical treatment increased the digestibility of fiber fraction of the rice by-products, reduced the anti-nutritional compounds (silica), and improved some fermentation and digestibility characteristics, and therefore makes them suitable for use in the diet of livestock.

Keywords

Agro industrial residue
Chemical processing
Fermentation kinetics
بابایی، منیره؛ قنبری، فرزاد؛ قره‌باش، آشور محمد و بیات کوهسار، جواد (1395). اثرات عمل‌آوری با پرتو الکترون، پراکسید هیدروژن و اسید هیدروبرومیک بر ارزش تغذیه‌ای بقایای ماش. نشریه پژوهش‌های علوم دامی ایران، 8(3)، 441-454.

References

AOAC. (2000). Association of official analytical chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed., Arlington. VA. USA.
Babayi, M., Ghanbari, F., Gharebash, A. M., & Bayat Kouhsar, J. (2017). Effects of processing with electron beam, hydrogen peroxide and hydrobromic acid on the nutritional value of vetch wastes. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 8 (3), 441-454.https://10.22067/ijasr.v8i3.47394. (In Persian)
Bandyopadhyay, K., Misra, G., & Ghosh, S. (2008). Preparation and characterisation of protein hydrolysates from Indian defatted rice bran meal. Journal of Oleo Science, 57, 47-52. https://10.5650/jos.57.47. PMID: 18075222.
Broderick, G. A., & Kang, J. H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(1), 64-75.‏ https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8
Chaudhry, A. S. (1998). Nutrient composition, digestion and rumen fermentation in sheep of wheat straw treated with calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide and alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Animal feed science and technology, 74(4), 315-328.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00178-3
Chen, X. L., Wang, J. K., Wu, Y. M., & Liu, J. X. (2008). Effects of chemical treatments of rice straw on rumen fermentation characteristics, fibrolytic enzyme activities and populations of liquid-and solid-associated ruminal microbes in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141(1-2), 1-14. ‏https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.006
Criscioni, P., & Fernández, C. (2016). Effect of rice bran as a replacement for oat grain in energy and nitrogen balance, methane emissions, and milk performance of Murciano-Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(1), 280-290. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9472
Daulay, A., & Gea, S. (2021). Extraction silica from rice husk with NaOH leaching agent with temperature variation burning rice husk. Rasayan Journal of chemistry, 14(3), 2125. https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2021.1436351.
Dehority, B. A. (2003). Rumen Microbiology. Nottingham University Press. UK.
Goering, H.K., & Van Soest, P.J. (1970) Forage Fiber Analysis (Apparatus Reagents, Procedures and Some Applications). Agriculture Handbook. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC. USA.
Jung, H. G., Mertens, D. R., & Phillips, R. L. (2011). Effect of reduced ferulate-mediated lignin/arabinoxylan cross-linking in corn silage on feed intake, digestibility, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(10), 5124-5137.‏ https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4495
Khorvash, M., Kargar, S., Yalchi, T., & Ghorbani, G. R. (2010). Effects of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of soybean straw. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 8, 356-359.‏
Krishania, M., Kumar, V., & Sangwan, R. S. (2018). Integrated approach for extraction of xylose, cellulose, lignin and silica from rice straw. Bioresource Technology Reports, 1, 89-93.‏‏https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.01.001
Liu, J. X., Susenbeth, A., & Südekum, K. H. (2002). In vitro gas production measurements to evaluate interactions between untreated and chemically treated rice straws, grass hay, and mulberry leaves. Journal of Animal Science, 80(2), 517-524.‏https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.802517x
Makkar, H. P. (2010). In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies, 107-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3297-3_7
Mengel, K., & Kirkby, E. A. (2001). Principles of plant nutrition (5th Ed. p. 687pp).‏
Ma, Y., Chen, X., Zahoor Khan, M., Xiao, J., Liu, S., Wang, J., He, Z., Li, C., & Cao, Z. (2020). The impact of ammoniation treatment on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw in Chinese Holsteins. Animals, 10(10), 1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101854
McDougall, E. I. (1948). Studies on ruminant saliva, the composition and output of sheep's saliva. Biochemical Journal, 43, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0430099.
Menke, K. H., & Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development, 28, 7-12.
Nader, G. A., Cun, G. S., & Robinson, P.H. (2012). Impacts of silica levels, and location in the detergent fiber matrix, on in vitro gas production of rice straw. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 174, 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.009.
Orskov, E. R., & McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science, 92, 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048
Rahal, A., Singh, A., & Singh, M. (1997). Effect of urea treatment and diet composition on, and prediction of nutritive value of rice straw of different cultivars. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 68(1-2), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00045-X
Sarnklong, C., Cone, J. W., Pellikaan, W., & Hendriks, W. H. (2010). Utilization of rice straw and different treatments to improve its feed value for ruminants: a review. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 23(5), 680-692.
Siva Sai Kiran, B., & Raja, S. (2017). A Review on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Icp-Oes) with a special emphasis on its applications. Scholars Research Library, 9, 44-54.
Sharma, J., Kumar, V., Prasad, R., & Gaur, N. A. (2022). Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a consolidated bioprocessing host to produce cellulosic ethanol: Recent advancements and current challenges. Biotechnology Advances, 56, 107925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107925
Sun, L., Lee, M., Jeon, S., & Seo, S. (2020). Evaluation of the associative effects of rice strawwith timothy hay and corn grain using an in vitro ruminal gas production technique. Animals, 10 (2), 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020325.
Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy science, 74(10), 3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Wang, J. K., Liu, J. X., Li, J. Y., Wu, Y. M., & Ye, J. A. (2007). Histological and rumen degradation changes of rice straw stem epidermis as influenced by chemical pretreatment. Animal feed science and technology, 136(1-2), 51-62.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.017
Wu, G. (2017). Principles of Animal Nutrition. CRC Press. USA. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315120065
 
Journal of Animal Production, Print ISSN: 2008-6776., Online ISSN: 2382-994X
Volume 28, Issue 3
Summer 2026
Pages 365-375

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us