Somayeh Zeinali; Mohammad Amir Karimi Torshizi; Farid Shariatmadari
Volume 25, Issue 2 , July 2023, , Pages 201-213
Abstract
Introduction Bacteria of the intestinal tract may have a profound impact on lipids' digestion and utilization. The proposed mechanism for reduced lipids digestibility is the de-conjugation of bile salts, via bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme activity. The activity of BSH is well recognized in ...
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Introduction Bacteria of the intestinal tract may have a profound impact on lipids' digestion and utilization. The proposed mechanism for reduced lipids digestibility is the de-conjugation of bile salts, via bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme activity. The activity of BSH is well recognized in some genera of lactic acid bacteria like Enterococci. Bacteriophages are recognized as bacteria-eating viruses, which are host specific in contrast to antibiotics. We find bacteriophages that lysis the laying hen's intestinal Enterococci. It is expected that oral administration of bacteriophage lessens the negative impact of Enterococci BSH activity on lipids digestion.
Materials and Methods A total of 240 high-line W-36 laying hens aged 50 weeks were tested in six treatments with five replications and eight pieces in each replication for eight weeks in a completely randomized design. Treatments include, 1) control (basal diet without additives), 2) basal diet + antibiotic (virginiamycin), 3) basal diet + lipid-lowering drug (atorvastatin), 4) basal diet + bile salt powder, 5) basal diet + oral gavage of Enterococcus bacteria, and 6) basal diet + oral gavage of bacteriophage against Enterococcus.
Results and Discussion The results showed that the group receiving the lipid-lowering drug (atorvastatin) had significantly the lowest percentage of egg production, the lowest egg mass, and the highest feed conversion rate (P<0.05). Enterococcus bacteria and atorvastatin had the same performance, although Enterococcus bacteria did not increase the feed conversion rate as much as the lipid- atorvastatin, it performed poorly compared to the bacteriophage. The use of phage in poultry improved performance. No significant effect among treatments was observed in albumin, glucose, uric acid, calcium, and phosphorus. The level of cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, and globulin in the atorvastatin group was lower compared to the antibiotic and bile salt groups (P<0.05). Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher in the antibiotic, bacteriophage, and bile salt powder treatments than in the other treatments (P<0.05). The lowest concentration of uric acid was observed in the control group and the highest percentage of hematocrit was observed in the bacteriophage and control groups. The role of antibiotic and bile salt in the rest of the reports was the same as bacteriophage but regarding the increase of hematocrit in bacteriophage treatment, phages showed their superiority in this field (P<0.05). The total number of aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, enterococcus, and coliforms in the bacteriophage group was less than in the bacteria group (P<0.05). However, the digestibility of crude protein was not significantly different between bacteriophage and bacteria groups (P<0.05). The total population of aerobic bacteria was lower in antibiotic and bacteriophage treatments. This study demonstrated the ability to use bacteriophage to reduce the population of specific bacteria. The population of lactic acid bacteria was higher than other treatments in bacteria treatment. Bacteriophage had been more effective to reduce the population of Enterococcus bacteria than other treatments. A close competition between antibiotics and bacteriophage was observed. Regarding the reduction of the E.coli bacteria population, it showed the appropriate ability of bacteriophage to replace the antibiotics. The digestibility of ether extract and dry matter in the bacteriophage was higher than in the bacteria group. The dry matter digestibility in antibiotic and bacteriophage is similar, but bile salt powder was not similar to bacteriophage in this case, and the dry matter in bile salt powder was the lowest (P<0.05).
Conclusion Based on the results, oral bacteriophage could improve dry matter digestibility and reduce the Enterococcus bacteria population without a significant impact on production performance in laying hens.
Zahra Bakhtiari; Mohamad Salarmoini; Mohsen Afsharmanesh
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 459-469
Abstract
In order to investigate the applicability of using male Leghorn chicken powder for laying hens, the experiment was performed with two hundred 50 weeks old Bovans laying hens during three periods of 28 days in a completely randomized design, with 5 treatments, 5 replications, and 8 laying hen per each ...
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In order to investigate the applicability of using male Leghorn chicken powder for laying hens, the experiment was performed with two hundred 50 weeks old Bovans laying hens during three periods of 28 days in a completely randomized design, with 5 treatments, 5 replications, and 8 laying hen per each replication. The dietary treatments were 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 percent chicken powder. The results showed that during the whole of the rearing period, egg weight was increased when the hens were fed with 4 percent chicken powder, in comparison to 8 and 16 percent levels (P < 0.05). With increasing the level of chicken powder in the diet from 12 to 16 percent, feed intake significantly decreased during 50-53 weeks period and whole rearing period (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio, hen-day egg production, egg mass and egg shell thickness. The highest yolk color index was observed in hens fed with 12 and 16 percent chicken powder in comparison to the control and 4 percent treatments (P < 0.05). Consumption of 16 percent chicken powder increased shell resistance in comparison to the control (P < 0.05). Using chicken powder, up to 12 percent level, significantly decreased feed cost to produce one Kg egg. In conclusion, chicken powder up to 12 percent level does not seem to have an adverse effect on laying hens performance, but further researches are needed to evaluate the effects of chicken powder at 16 percent level.
Farzaneh Sattari najaf abadi; Ardeshir Mohit; hossein Moravej; navid Ghavi Hosien-Zadeh; hassan darmani koohi; meisam tavakoli
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2021, , Pages 97-107
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two types of omega-3 calcium fat powders with animal and vegetable origin on productive performance, reproductive and egg quality of broiler breeder hens by using 60 hens and 20 roosters (65 weeks), in a completely randomized design with ...
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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two types of omega-3 calcium fat powders with animal and vegetable origin on productive performance, reproductive and egg quality of broiler breeder hens by using 60 hens and 20 roosters (65 weeks), in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates for two months. Experimental treatments were: 1- control (without fat powder); 2- 1.5% animal omega-3 calcium fat powder based on fish oil; 3- 3% animal omega-3 calcium fat powder based on fish oil; 4- 1.5% vegetable omega-3 calcium fat powder based on flaxseed oil; 5- 3% vegetable omega-3 calcium fat powder based on flaxseed oil. Egg production percentage and economic benefit of hens fed with diets containing 1.5% animal and vegetable fat powders were greater than hens that received 3% of them (p<0.05). The highest concentration of yolk docosahexaenoic acid and docosahepanthanoic acid were in eggs of hens fed with diet containing 3% animal and vegetable fat powder and thelowest concentration of linolenic acid was in the yolk of eggs obtained from control hens or hens fed with diet containing 1.5% animal fat powder (P<0.05). The lowest percentage of hatchability and the highest omega-6: omega-3 ratio were related to hens received control diet (P<0.05). Based on current results, adding animal or vegetable omega-3 calcium fat powder at the level of 1.5% in old broiler breeder hen’s diet, without negative effect on performance, improve hatchability and yolk fatty acid composition and is economically more affordable.
Raziyeh Rahimzadeh; Mohammad Rokouei; Hadi Faraji- Arough; Ali Maghsoudi; Behrooz Keshtegar
Volume 19, Issue 2 , August 2017, , Pages 299-310
Abstract
The aim of this study was to fit the best model for describing the egg production for Japanese quails at thirteen week of age. For this purpose, the daily egg production recordson 314 quails were used for the different models including nonlinear logistic, incomplete gamma, McNally, Lekhorst, Narushin ...
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The aim of this study was to fit the best model for describing the egg production for Japanese quails at thirteen week of age. For this purpose, the daily egg production recordson 314 quails were used for the different models including nonlinear logistic, incomplete gamma, McNally, Lekhorst, Narushin -Takma 2, McMillan and Nelder by R software. The best model was selected by some statics such as Mean square error (MSE), Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC). The results showed that Narushin Takma 2 (minimum MSE, AIC and BIC) and Compartmental I Functions (maximum MSE, AIC and BIC) were the best and worst function to describe the egg production, respectively. The highest correlation (0.953) between predicted and actual values for the number of egg were obtained by Narushin -Takma 2 model. The results of the model comparisons and correlations indicate that Narushin - Takma 2 function describes Short- term egg production in quail better than other functions studied in this research and this function could be considered in a short- term prediction of the reproductive potential Japanese quail in breeding goals