Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
- gholamhosein Irajian 1
- hamid Amanlou 2
- Asadollah Teimouri Yansari 3
- hamid reza mirzaie almouti 4
- hormoz mansouri 5
1 markaz amuzesh jahad- keshavarzi damghan
2 Professor
3 Sari Agricltural and Natural Resources university (SANRU)
4 DR
5 dr
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of alfalfa hay and corn silage particle size on chewing activity, passage rate of solid fraction in the rumen and performance of pregnant ewes. The experiment has been done using 30 ewes (35±0.4 months) in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates during a 30 days period. Forages were including alfalfa hay (three sizes, geometric mean 2.42, 4.91 and 7.04 mm) and corn silage (two sizes, geometric mean 3.36 and 7.73 mm). Treatments including fine particles of alfalfa hay and corn silage had the least physical effectiveness factor (pef > 8) and pef values (pef >8, pef >1.18) were reduced with decrease in particle size (p<0.05). Geometric mean also decreased (p<0.05). Following reduction in particle size of forages, passage rate of solid fraction in the rumen and terminal part of digestive tract (TDT) were increased (p<0.05) and retention time in the rumen, TDT and total retention time were decreased (p<0.05). Feed intake time, chewing activity and total chewing time were not affected (p<0.05). Results showed that it is necessary to consider the appropriate balance between particle size as a representative of the physical and chemical characteristics of the diet. The treatment of alfalfa fine particle size plus corn silage long particle size in most cases showed better results, and it seems that this treatment has provided a more appropriate balance in the diet for feeding ewes. Therefore, in preparing the pregnant ewes’ diet, we can expect better performance by considering the particle size.
Keywords
-
آقاجانی م و تیموری یانسری ا (1391)اثر اندازه ذرات علوفه یونجه و مکمل روغن سویا بر مصرف خوراک، قابلیت هضم، فعالیت جویدن، نرخ عبور و توزیع ذرات محتویات شکمبهای در گوسفند. نشریه پژوهشهای تولیدات دامی.12(2):67-65
-
2. تیموری یانسری ا (1386) تغدیه گوسفند.انتشارات دانشگاه مازندران
3. Allen MS and Grant RJ (2000) Interactions between forage and wet corn gluten feed as sources of fiber in diets for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83:322–331.
4. AOAC (2002) Official method of AnalysisVol.1. 17 th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA: 120-155.
5. ASAE (2002) American Society of Agricultural Engineers S424.1 Method of Determining and Expressing Particle Size of Chopped Forage. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Saint Joseph, Michigan.
6. Beauchemin KA, FarrBI, Rode LM and Schaalje GB (1994)Effects of alfalfa silage chop length and supplementary long hay on chewing activity and milk production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 1326-1339.
7. Beauchemin KA and Yang WZ (2005) Effects of physically effective fiber on intake, chewing activity, and ruminal acidosis for dairy cows fed diets based on corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 88: 2117-2129.
8. Goering HK and Van Soest PJ (1970) Forage fiber analysis: Apparatus, Reagents. Procedures and some Application. Agric. Handbook. No. 379. USDA-ARS, Washington, DC.
9. Grant RJ, Colenbrander VF and Mertens DR (1990a) Milk fat depression in dairy cows: role of silage particle size. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 1834–1842.
10. Grant RJ, Colenbrander VF and Mertens DR (1990b) Milk fat depression in dairy cows: role of alfalfa hay. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 1823–1833.
11. Grovum WL and Williams WJ (1973) Rates of passage of digesta in sheeppassage of marker through the alimentary tract and the biological relevancerate-constants derived from changes in concentration of marker in feces. British Journal ofNutrition. 30: 313-329.
12. Heinrichs AJ, Buckmaster DR and Lammers BP (1999) Processing, mixing, and particle size reduction of forages for dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 77:180–186.
13. Helander C, Nørgaard P, Arnesson A and Nadeau E (2014) Effects of chopping grass silage and of mixing silage with concentrate on feed intake and performance in pregnant and lactating ewes and in growing lambs. Small Ruminant Research. 116, 78–87.
14. Kaske M and Engelhardt WV (1990) The effect of size and density on mean retention time of particles in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition. 63:457-465
15. Kononoff PJ (2002). The effect of ration particle size on dairy cows in early lactation. Ph.D. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State Univ.143 p.
16. Kononoff PJ, Henrichs AG and Lehman HA (2003) The effects of corn silage particle size on behavior, chewing activities, and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 3343 - 3353.
17. Lammers B, Buckmaster D and Heinrichs A (1996) A simple method for the analysis of particle sizes of forage and total mixed rations. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 922-928.
18. Mertens DR (1997) Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80: 1463-1481.
19. NRC (2001) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.National Research Council, 7th Rev. Ed. Natl. Acad. Sci. Washington DC.
20. Poppi DP, Hendrickson RE and Minson DJ (1985) The relative resistance to escape of leaf and stem particles from the rumen of cattle. Journal of Agricultural Science. 105:9–14.
21. Robinson JJ, RookeJA and McEvoy TG (2002) Nutrition for Conception and Pregnancy. In: M Freer & H. Dove (eds.). Sheep Nutrition, pp 189-211. CAB International.
22. SAS (2002) User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 8.2 Edn. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
23. Soita HW, Christensen DA and McKinnon JJ (2000) Influence of particle size on the effectiveness of the fiber in barley silage. Journal of Animal Science. 83:2295-2300
24. Tafaj M, Zebeli Q, Baes C, Steingass H and Drochner W (2007) A meta-analysis examining effects of particle size of total mixed rations on intake, rumen digestion and milk production in high-yielding dairy cows in early lactation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 138: 137-161.
25. Teimouri Yansari A, Valizadeh A, Naserian DA, Christensen P, and Eftekhari Shahroodi F (2004) Effects of alfalfa particle size and specific gravity on chewing activity, digestibility, and performance of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87:3912-3924.
26. Uden PE, Colucci P and Van Soest PJ (1980) Investigation of chromium, ceribem,and cobalt as marker in digesta rate of passage studies. Journal of Scientific Food and Agriculture. 31: 625-632.
27. Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA and RodeLM (2001) Effect of grain processing, forage to concentrate ratio, and forage particle size on rumen pH and digestion by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84:2203-2216
28. Zali SM, Teimouri Yansari A and Jafari Sayyadi A (2015) Effect of Particle Size and Fragility of Corn Silage and Alfalfa Hay on Intake,Digestibility, Performance, and Chewing Activity of Fattening Male Lambs.Journal of Veterinary Sciences 1:47-57
29. Zebeli Q, Aschenbach JR, Tafaj M, Boguhn J, Ametaj BN and Drochner W (2012) Role of physically effective fiber and estimationof dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 95: 1041–1056.
)